Rabu, 20 April 2016

Active and Passive Sentences, Relative Clause, Conditional Sentences



1.      ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
a.      Active Sentences
Active sentence is a sentence in which the subject perform or carry out the work. Active sentence also called the sentence acts or subject line. So in the active sentence becomes the subject element doer of the deed and the elements of the predicate expressed deeds.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
Examples :
·         Harry ate six shrimp at dinner
·         Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah.
·         Sue changed the flat tire
·         We are going to watch a movie tonight.
·         I ran the obstacle course in record time.


b.      Passive Sentences
The passive voice sentence in which the subject is subjected to the job. The passive voice is also called the response sentence or a sentence of objects. So in passive elements of the subject suffering from the actions mentioned in the elements of the predicate.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples :
·         At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.
·         The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes
·         The flat tire was changed by Sue.
·         A movie is going to be watched by us tonight
·         The obstacle course was run by me in record time.


2.      RELATIVE CLAUSE
Relative clause is a dependent clause which serves to explain the noun in order to get clear information about the object. To connect between the clauses used common words like, that, which, who, whom, and whose. The relative pronoun is part of the relative clause that can not stand alone, but is in the complex sentence. While the complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (whole sentence) and subordinate clauses (relative clause).
use and example sentences relative pronoun
a.      That
That as a pronoun for people and objects as subject or object to explain the relative clause (a clause which is important for the sentence and not only as additional info). That neutral function can replace the "who / roomates / whom".
Examples :
·         The book that was left in the library is Helen’s book. (Buku yang tertinggal di perpustakaan adalah buku Helen).
·         The cat that live in my home is a cute cat. (Kucing yang tinggal di rumah saya adalah kucing yang lucu).

b.      Which
Which serves as a relative pronoun which replaces the subject and an object in the form of a noun other than humans. For example: goat, rocks, tables, etc.
Examples :
·         I don’t like stories which has unhappy ending. (Saya tidak menyukai cerita yang memiliki akhir sedih).
·         The windows which was broken has now been repaired. (Jendela yang rusak itu sekarang telah diperbaiki).

c.      Who
Who serves as a relative pronoun use is not subject people or other animals.
Examples :
·         The man who lives next door is friendly. (Pria yang tinggal di sebelah itu ramah).
·         The man who wrote about the explosion was an eyewitness. (Pria yang menulis tentang ledakan itu adalah saksi mata).

d.      Whom
Whom is the relative pronoun that is used to replace the object in the form of people, not animals or others.
Examples :
·         The boy whom i gave the book to is the best student. (Anak laki-laki yang saya beri buku itu adalah murid terbaik).
·         The man whom we asked last night was not kind. (Laki-laki yang kita tanyai semalam tidak ramah).

e.      Whose
Whose is the relative pronoun that serves to replace the possessive pronoun.
Examples :
·         The women whose umbrella is green is as old as my mother. (Wanita yang payungnya hijau itu sama usianya dengan ibu saya).
·         The man whose bike I want to borrow is my uncle(Pria yang sepedanya ingin saya pinjam adalah paman saya).





3.      CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence isconditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the context.
A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition, called the protasis; and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis. An example of such a sentence (in English) is the following:
If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled.
Here the condition is expressed by the clause “If it rains”, this being the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by “the picnic will be cancelled”, this being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to say “The picnic will be cancelled if it rains”.) In terms of logic, the protasis corresponds to the antecedent, and the apodosis to the consequent.
Languages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The forms of verbs used in the protasis and apodosis are often subject to particular rules as regards their tenseand mood. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form called the conditional mood – broadly equivalent in meaning to the English “would (do something)” – for use in some types of conditional sentence.
Conditional sentence type
Usage
If clause verb tense
Main clause verb tense
Zero
General truths
Simple present
Simple present
Type 1
A possible condition and its probable result
Simple present
Simple future
Type 2
A hypothetical condition and its probable result
Simple past
Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past
Past perfect
Perfect conditional
Mixed type
An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present
Past perfect
Present conditional
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word “if” can usually be replaced by the word “when” without changing the meaning.

If clause
Main clause
If + simple present
simple present
If this thing happens
that thing happens.
If you heat ice
it melts.
If it rains
the grass gets wet.

There are three types of conditional sentences :
a.      Conditional Sentences Type 1
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Form : If + Subject + will + infinitive, Subject + verb-1.
Examples :
·         She will arrive here on time if she drive her car by herself.
(Dia akan datang tepat waktu jika ia mengendari mobilnya sendiri).
·         If you don’t come to my birthday party, I will send you an SMS.
(Jika kamu tidak datang pada hari ultahku, aku akan mengirim kamu sms).
·         If you come late again, Mr. Professor will be very angry.
(Jika kamu datang terlambat lagi, pak profesor akan sangat marah).
·         Today will be very cool if it rains.
(hari ini akan menjadi dingin sekali jika turun hujan).
·         You will finish your job if you do it now.
(Kamu akan menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu jika kamu melakukannya sekarang).

b.      Conditional Sentences Type 2
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Form : If + Subject + would + infinitive, Subject + verb-2.

Examples :

·         If I were you, I would not let here go.
(Jika aku menjadi kamu, aku tidak akan membiarkannya pergi).
·         You would not be here, If she did not help you.
(Kamu tidak akan ada di sini jika dia tidak menolongmu).
·         We would not win the game, if we didn’t work together as a team.
(Kita tidak akan memenangkan permainan ini jika kita tidak bekerja sama sebagai tim).
·         My mother would not worry, if I went with you, because you are innosence
(Ibuku tidak akan kuatir jika aku pergi denganmu).
·         I would attend your birthday party if I didn’t have home work to do.
(Aku akan menghadiri pesta ultahmu jika aku tidak punya PR).

c.      Conditional Sentences Type 3
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Form : If + Subject + would + have + Verb-3, Subject + had + verb-3.

Examples :

·         If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
(Jika saja aku tahu bahwa kamu ada di rumah sakit, aku akan mengunjungimu).
·         If She had been able to finish her job well, she would have been promoted as a director.
(Jika dia bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan baik, dia akan dipromosikan menjadi direktur).
·         If John had driven his car carefully, we would not have got an accident.
(Jika John menyetir dengan hati-hati, dia tidak akan kecelakaan).
·         My father would have been here, if the flight had not been canceled.
(Ibuku akan ada di sini jika penerbangannya tidak ditunda).
·         Linda would not have arrived at home, if the my father had not picked her up.
(Linda tidak akan tiba di rumah jika ayahku tidak menjemputnya).
MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If clause
Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past
present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened
that thing would happen. (but this thing didn’t happen so that thing isn’t happening)
If I had worked harder at school
I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map
we wouldn’t be lost.
If you weren’t afraid of spiders
you would have picked it up and put it outside.




We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.


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