1.
ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
a. Active
Sentences
Active sentence is a sentence in which the subject
perform or carry out the work. Active sentence also called the sentence acts or
subject line. So in the active sentence becomes the subject element doer of the
deed and the elements of the predicate expressed deeds.
[Thing doing action] + [verb] +
[thing receiving action]
Examples
:
·
Harry
ate six shrimp at dinner
·
Beautiful
giraffes roam the savannah.
·
Sue
changed the flat tire
·
We
are going to watch a movie tonight.
·
I
ran the obstacle course in record time.
b. Passive
Sentences
The passive voice sentence in which the subject is
subjected to the job. The passive voice is also called the response sentence or
a sentence of objects. So in passive elements of the subject suffering from the
actions mentioned in the elements of the predicate.
[Thing receiving action] + [be] +
[past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]
Examples
:
·
At
dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.
·
The
savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes
·
The
flat tire was changed by Sue.
·
A
movie is going to be watched by us tonight
·
The
obstacle course was run by me in record time.
2.
RELATIVE
CLAUSE
Relative clause is a dependent clause which serves to
explain the noun in order to get clear information about the object. To connect
between the clauses used common words like, that, which, who, whom, and whose. The relative pronoun is part of
the relative clause that can not stand alone, but is in the complex sentence.
While the complex sentence is a combination of the independent clause (whole
sentence) and subordinate clauses (relative clause).
use and example sentences relative pronoun
a. That
That as a pronoun for people and objects as subject or
object to explain the relative clause (a clause which is important for the
sentence and not only as additional info). That neutral function can replace
the "who / roomates / whom".
Examples
:
·
The book that
was left in the library is Helen’s book. (Buku
yang tertinggal di perpustakaan adalah buku Helen).
·
The cat that
live in my home is a cute cat. (Kucing
yang tinggal di rumah saya adalah kucing yang lucu).
b. Which
Which serves as a relative pronoun which replaces the
subject and an object in the form of a noun other than humans. For example:
goat, rocks, tables, etc.
Examples
:
·
I don’t
like stories which has unhappy ending. (Saya tidak menyukai cerita yang memiliki akhir sedih).
·
The
windows which was broken has now been repaired. (Jendela yang rusak itu sekarang telah diperbaiki).
c. Who
Who serves as a relative pronoun use is not subject
people or other animals.
Examples
:
·
The man who
lives next door is friendly.
(Pria yang tinggal di sebelah itu ramah).
·
The man who
wrote about the explosion was an eyewitness. (Pria yang menulis tentang ledakan itu adalah saksi mata).
d. Whom
Whom is the relative pronoun that is used to replace the
object in the form of people, not animals or others.
Examples
:
·
The boy whom
i gave the book to is the best student. (Anak
laki-laki yang saya beri buku itu adalah murid terbaik).
·
The man whom
we asked last night was not kind.
(Laki-laki yang kita tanyai semalam tidak ramah).
e. Whose
Whose is the relative pronoun that serves to replace the
possessive pronoun.
Examples
:
·
The women
whose umbrella is green is as old as my mother. (Wanita yang payungnya hijau itu sama usianya dengan ibu
saya).
·
The
man whose bike I want to borrow is my uncle. (Pria yang sepedanya ingin saya pinjam adalah paman saya).
3.
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES
Conditional sentences are sentences expressing
factual implications,
or hypothetical situations
and their consequences.
They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the
sentence isconditional on the existence of certain circumstances,
which may be expressed in a dependent clause or
may be understood from the context.
A full conditional sentence (one
which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains
two clauses: the
dependent clause expressing the condition, called the protasis;
and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis. An example of such a sentence (in English) is the
following:
If it rains, the picnic will be
cancelled.
Here the condition is expressed by
the clause “If it rains”, this being the protasis, while the consequence is
expressed by “the picnic will be cancelled”, this being the apodosis. (The
protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to
say “The picnic will be cancelled if it rains”.) In terms of logic, the protasis corresponds
to the antecedent,
and the apodosis to the consequent.
Languages use a variety of
grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The forms
of verbs used in the
protasis and apodosis are often subject to particular rules as regards
their tenseand mood. Many languages
have a specialized type of verb form called the conditional mood –
broadly equivalent in meaning to the English “would (do something)” – for use
in some types of conditional sentence.
|
Conditional sentence type
|
Usage
|
If clause verb tense
|
Main clause verb tense
|
|
Zero
|
General truths
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
|
Type 1
|
A possible condition and its
probable result
|
Simple present
|
Simple future
|
|
Type 2
|
A hypothetical condition and its
probable result
|
Simple past
|
Present conditional or Present
continuous conditional
|
|
Type 3
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the past
|
Past perfect
|
Perfect conditional
|
|
Mixed type
|
An unreal past condition and its probable
result in the present
|
Past perfect
|
Present conditional
|
THE
ZERO CONDITIONAL
The
zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or
always and the situation is real and possible. The zero
conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts
of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word
“if” can usually be replaced by the word “when” without changing the meaning.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
If + simple present
|
simple present
|
|
If this thing happens
|
that thing happens.
|
|
If you heat ice
|
it melts.
|
|
If it rains
|
the grass gets wet.
|
There are three
types of conditional sentences :
a. Conditional
Sentences Type 1
The type 1 conditional is used to
refer to the present or future where the situation is
real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its
probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and
the main clause is in the simple future.
Form
: If + Subject + will + infinitive, Subject + verb-1.
Examples
:
·
She will
arrive here on time if she drive her car by herself.
(Dia akan datang tepat waktu jika ia mengendari mobilnya sendiri).
(Dia akan datang tepat waktu jika ia mengendari mobilnya sendiri).
·
If you don’t
come to my birthday party, I will send you an SMS.
(Jika kamu tidak datang pada hari ultahku, aku akan mengirim kamu sms).
(Jika kamu tidak datang pada hari ultahku, aku akan mengirim kamu sms).
·
If you come
late again, Mr. Professor will be very angry.
(Jika kamu datang terlambat lagi, pak profesor akan sangat marah).
(Jika kamu datang terlambat lagi, pak profesor akan sangat marah).
·
Today will
be very cool if it rains.
(hari ini akan menjadi dingin sekali jika turun hujan).
(hari ini akan menjadi dingin sekali jika turun hujan).
·
You will
finish your job if you do it now.
(Kamu akan menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu jika kamu melakukannya sekarang).
(Kamu akan menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu jika kamu melakukannya sekarang).
b. Conditional Sentences Type 2
The type 2 conditional is used to
refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that
is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2
conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable
result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past,
and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Form
: If + Subject + would + infinitive, Subject + verb-2.
Examples :
·
If I were
you, I would not let here go.
(Jika aku menjadi kamu, aku tidak akan membiarkannya pergi).
(Jika aku menjadi kamu, aku tidak akan membiarkannya pergi).
·
You would
not be here, If she did not help you.
(Kamu tidak akan ada di sini jika dia tidak menolongmu).
(Kamu tidak akan ada di sini jika dia tidak menolongmu).
·
We would not
win the game, if we didn’t work together as a team.
(Kita tidak akan memenangkan permainan ini jika kita tidak bekerja sama sebagai tim).
(Kita tidak akan memenangkan permainan ini jika kita tidak bekerja sama sebagai tim).
·
My mother
would not worry, if I went with you, because you are innosence
(Ibuku tidak akan kuatir jika aku pergi denganmu).
(Ibuku tidak akan kuatir jika aku pergi denganmu).
·
I would
attend your birthday party if I didn’t have home work to do.
(Aku akan menghadiri pesta ultahmu jika aku tidak punya PR).
(Aku akan menghadiri pesta ultahmu jika aku tidak punya PR).
c. Conditional Sentences Type 3
The type 3 conditional is used to
refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary
to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is
expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition
and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause
uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
Form
: If + Subject + would + have + Verb-3, Subject + had + verb-3.
Examples
:
·
If I had
known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
(Jika saja aku tahu bahwa kamu ada di rumah sakit, aku akan mengunjungimu).
(Jika saja aku tahu bahwa kamu ada di rumah sakit, aku akan mengunjungimu).
·
If She had
been able to finish her job well, she would have been promoted as a director.
(Jika dia bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan baik, dia akan dipromosikan menjadi direktur).
(Jika dia bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanya dengan baik, dia akan dipromosikan menjadi direktur).
·
If John had
driven his car carefully, we would not have got an accident.
(Jika John menyetir dengan hati-hati, dia tidak akan kecelakaan).
(Jika John menyetir dengan hati-hati, dia tidak akan kecelakaan).
·
My father
would have been here, if the flight had not been canceled.
(Ibuku akan ada di sini jika penerbangannya tidak ditunda).
(Ibuku akan ada di sini jika penerbangannya tidak ditunda).
·
Linda would
not have arrived at home, if the my father had not picked her up.
(Linda tidak akan tiba di rumah jika ayahku tidak menjemputnya).
(Linda tidak akan tiba di rumah jika ayahku tidak menjemputnya).
MIXED
TYPE CONDITIONAL
The mixed type conditional is used
to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that
is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the
opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to
an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type
conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause
uses the present conditional.
|
If clause
|
Main clause
|
|
|
If + past perfect or simple past
|
present conditional or perfect
conditional
|
|
|
If this thing had happened
|
that thing would happen. (but this
thing didn’t happen so that thing isn’t happening)
|
|
|
If I had worked harder at school
|
I would have a better job now.
|
|
|
If we had looked at the map
|
we wouldn’t be lost.
|
|
|
If you weren’t afraid of spiders
|
you would have picked it up and
put it outside.
|
|
We use relative clauses to give
additional information about something without starting another sentence. By
combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and
you can avoid repeating certain words.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
